Evaluation of fluoride concentration in ground water in raebareli district and its defluoridation

Abstract

All over the world, living beings are using ground water for drinking and other newlinepurposes. Because of consistent use of the valuable source of water, it is being newlinemitigated constantly by inhabitants of that region. It has also been observed that about newlinehalf of the population of the world depends on the primitive source of water. The newlineaccessibility to clean and safe water is an important global issue and it has been newlineaddressed from last two decades. Indeed, challenges are abundant and novel newlinesustainable strategies are required to alleviate the universal problem of ground water newlinepollution in India. Fluoride mitigation from ground water samples in rural areas of newlineIndia is a great challenge. Among the various threats, fluoride pollution in the ground newlinewater is quite alarming. Dental and skeletal fluorosis are the regular and frequent newlinehealth issues in this realm. More precisely, these two issues are closely related with newlineexcess fluoride of potable water in Raebareli district. Several methods like newlineprecipitation, coagulation and adsorption etc. are implemented for fluoride removal in newlinerural areas. Considering the gravity of problem in Raebareli district and to overcome newlinesome of the inadequacies in the existing methods, it has been observed that this is of newlineutmost importance to estimate the fluoride concentration (FC) and to develop some newlineeffective defluoridation methods so that fluoride removal can take place efficiently newlinewithin the acceptable range i.e. 1.0-1.5 ppm. newlineIn this regard, FC was estimated in five blocks of Raebereli district. Different newlineimportant attributes are also estimated in ground water samples of Raebareli district. newlineFluoride ion selective electrode method was employed for fluoride estimation in newlineAmawa, Dalmau, Sadar, Deeh and Unchahar blocks of Raebareli district. Data newlineobtained from different blocks revealed that most of the villages were fluoride newlineendemic as FC varies in the range of 0.45 to 4.20 mg/L. On the basis of FC, fluorotic newlineand non-fluorotic areas are identified and mapping of fluorotic areas is also carried newlineout