Predictive Analysis for Li NMC Battery Subjected to Some Electrical and Mechanical Abuse Conditions

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have revolutionized energy storage technology, newlineparticularly in electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy systems, due to their high newlineenergy density, long cycle life, and efficiency. Their widespread adoption is driven by newlinethe demand for sustainable and high-performance energy solutions. LIBs function newlinethrough lithium-ion intercalation and deintercalation between the anode and cathode newlineduring charge and discharge cycles, where the choice of electrode materials newlinesignificantly influences performance, safety, and longevity. Among various cathode newlinechemistries, Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC) compositions have gained prominence newlinedue to their well-balanced electrochemical characteristics, safety, and thermal newlinestability. While early NMC-111 variants with equal proportions of nickel, manganese, newlineand cobalt offered stable performance, recent advancements have shifted towards newlinehigher nickel content in compositions such as NMC-532, NMC-622, and NMC-811 to newlineenhance energy and power density. However, increased nickel concentration newlinecompromises structural integrity, thermal stability, and mechanical resilience, while newlinethe concurrent reduction in cobalt content exacerbates degradation risks, leading to newlinecapacity fade, lithium plating, and oxygen release newline