Waste water Treatment by Unconventional Adsorbent

Abstract

This study focuses on the removal of fluoride from synthetic wastewater using two environmentally friendly treatment methods: adsorption with natural clays and coagulation flocculation with commonly available chemical coagulants. The research demonstrates the potential of clay, particularly black clay, as an affordable and sustainable fluoride removal adsorbent. The adsorption capabilities and isotherm behaviour of five distinct clay types were evaluated using batch experiments after a thorough analysis of unconventional adsorbents. Among them, black clay demonstrated the highest fluoride removal efficiency , achieving a maximum removal of 68% under optimized conditions. The adsorption data were analysed using the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models; the findings indicated a satisfactory agreement, suggesting that the process involves quotmonolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surfacequot. Contact duration and clay concentration were shown to have a substantial impact on adsorption effectiveness, along with quotpH, contact time, and adsorbent dosequot. The findings emphasize the potential of modifying natural clays or developing composite adsorbents for enhanced performance, along with the future possibility of clay reuse in industrial applications. newlineIn parallel, coagulation flocculation tests were carried out to assess the fluoride removal efficiency of ferric chloride, polyaluminum chloride (PACl), and aluminium sulphate under various circumstances. According to the data, removal efficiency is greatly impacted by pH, coagulant dose, and beginning fluoride concentration. Ferric chloride at pH 8 (25 mg/L), PACl at pH 7 (15 mg/L), and quotaluminium sulphate at pH 6 (35 mg/L)quot produced the greatest results. Higher initial fluoride concentrations (20 mg/L) resulted in improved removal due to greater mass transfer and interaction with coagulant flocs. newlineOverall, the study concludes that both natural clay-based adsorption and chemical coagulation-flocculation are effective for fluoride removal, with aluminium sulfate and black clay