Fabrication of bio inspired nanostructured titanium implants for orthopaedic applications

Abstract

The advances in bioengineering depend on the availability of suitable newlinebiomaterials, without which it is severely limited. Nowadays, the need for newlinebiomedical materials is high in demand because they improve human life newlinequality by retaining the functionality of body parts. Biomaterials are designed newlineand developed to match the chemical and physical properties of natural body newlinetissue. The artificial biomaterials have been designed to the point, where they newlinecan serve as various parts of the human body and are capable of being in newlinecontact with surrounding tissues for a prolonged time. Metallic materials are newlinethe traditional implant material mostly used for the adequate treatment of newlinebone-related diseases. Among them, titanium and their alloys are the most newlinepreferred material for the fabrication of orthopaedic implants, due to their newlinebiocompatibility, remarkable corrosion resistance, lower elastic modulus and newlinegood load-bearing ability. However, titanium implants failed due to their bioinertness, newlinewhich lead to implant isolation from the surrounding bone by newlinefibrous tissue encapsulation. Porous metallic implants have gained attention newlinebecause they can facilitate bone-bonding and improve the osteoblast growth newlineon the implants. Surface modifications are done on titanium implants to newlinepromote bioactivity and osseointegration. Numerous surface modification newlineapproaches make an efficient texturing in the titanium implant surface and newlineimprove the cell-implant interactions. Nanostructured materials have acquired newlinegreat attention in orthopaedic research as the bone comprises nanometer-sized newlinestructures at the first level hierarchy. And also, nanostructured metal oxides newlineare capable of improving the longevity of an implant with the influence of newlineuniform surface energy making more interaction with bone cells. newline