Immuno Modulatory Activity of Novel Freshwater Fern Salvinia Cucullata Roxb and Its Efficacy on Growth Nonspecific Immune Responses and Disease Resistance in Litopenaeus Vannamei against Vibrio Parahaemolyticus

Abstract

Aquaculture is an important food-producing sector and the requirement for aquatic food has been increasing globally. Crustaceans are one of the important culture groups in aquaculture. The profit ratio is higher than all other aquatic animal groups because crustaceans have higher economic value even though the production weight is low. So the loss in crustacean production may lead to a high impact on the total production value of aquaculture, factors present in the culture system such as pathogens, stress-inducing agents, and poor nutrition are mainly affecting the equilibrium of crustacean health. Enhancing the non-specific immune system of crustaceans is the most promising method to protect them from diseases. newlineImmunostimulants are substances, which improve the immunity of the host animal. Bioactive substances of plants are prominent for their various activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunostimulatory activity and plants have a wide range of active compounds, hence it possesses many biological activities in crustaceans and they are promising alternatives for antibiotics, vaccines, and synthetic chemicals in crustacean aquaculture newline