Tailoring Vanadium Oxide Cathodes for Enhanced Performance in Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries

Abstract

Batteries are an indispensable part of modern society, powering everything from smartphones to electric vehicles (EVs) and grid energy storage systems. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been the leading energy storage solution for the past few decades. However, there is a growing focus on finding more sustainable alternatives to LIBs. Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have emerged as a potential candidate due to their abundant resources and enhanced safety features. Despite this, the development of efficient cathode materials remains a key challenge, hindering the widespread adoption of ZIBs. newlineIn this work, we explored vanadium oxide-based cathodes for ZIBs, which are known for their potential but face challenges related to low conductivity and stability. To address these limitations, we employed various optimization strategies, including structural modifications, nanostructuring techniques, incorporation of carbon-based materials, and defect engineering. These efforts aimed to develop cathodes that are suitable for long-cycling aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs). newlineFirst, we synthesized a flaky, layered vanadium oxide (V6O13) cathode through a two-step synthesis process. The mixed valence states (V4+/V5+) of the cathode s significantly improved Zn2+ ion diffusion and electrical conductivity. This cathode exhibited an excellent specific capacity of 394 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1, with 94% capacity retention after 100 cycles. Additionally, the Zn/V6O13 battery demonstrated excellent energy density, making it a potential candidate for energy storage applications newline