The role of flavonoids to alleviate oxidative Stress in diabetes mellitus patients

Abstract

Metabolic disorder, diabetes mellitus is one of the major disease-causing millions of people worldwide. The human population gives off an impression of being amidst a pestilence of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus named as diabetes meaning excessive urination and mellitus is a Latin word meaning sweet honey, this implies the high amount of sugar present in the urine of diabetes patients. The high blood sugar leads to symptoms like polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria are frequent urination, increased hunger, increased thirst respectively. newlineAntioxidative enzyme levels decreased in diabetes mellitus patients compared to non- diabetic control populations. Flavonoids are able to ameliorate oxidative stress condition by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes levels. Chrysin is more effective in enhancing the activity of Catalase, SOD, and GPx across all the age groups. Quercetin and kaempferol are effective in the age group of 31-50 years for SOD and Catalase and not effective after 50 years. All three flavonoids are effective for all age groups in case of Glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Quercetin is much more effective at all age groups for Na/K ATPase whereas kaempferol and chrysin showed effect only at the age group of 31-40 year, after 40 years not effective. Kaempferol is very effective across the age groups for Ca ATPase whereas quercetin and chrysin have not shown any effect. The selective effect of the specific flavonoid on specific antioxidative enzymes might be due to the flavonoid interaction with the enzyme. newlineFlavonoids can increase glucose uptake (consumption) in adipocytes (Differentiated 3T3-L1 cells) and hepatocytes (HepG2 cells). All the tested flavonoids are much more effective in Glucose uptake (consumption) in HepG2 cells (Human Hepatoma cells) compared to differentiated 3T3-L1 cells (Mouse adipocyte cells). Flavonoids are unable to modulate glucose uptake (consumption) in CHO-K1 cells which do not express insulin receptors. The above finding infers that these flavonoids are more effective on GLUT 1