Low Cost Paper Electrodes for Parkinson s Biomarker Detection and Electrocatalyst Material for Hydrogen Evolution Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Abstract

The electrochemical sensors were developed as miniaturized and low-cost platforms for the rapid and sensitive detection of biomolecules to meet the demands of disposable economically viable and easy manufacturable devices. Moreover, it should be Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Robust, Electrode for Sensing (ASSURES) with simple DIY (Do It Yourself) strategy. This could be achievable only if the substrate for the electrodes are inexpensive, easily manufacturable and should be from renewable and reusable resources. Simple paper offers unique advantages such as, easily printable, impregnable, and because of its innate cellulose structures. Paper is protein and bimolecular friendly. In addition, porous structure acts as a good filter, and facilitates lateral flow. On the other hand, papers also are used to make paper analytical devices (PAD). PAD has the advantage to incorporate microfluidic channels and reagent reservoirs with mixing opportunities for colorimetric and electrochemical sensing units. Recently, these PADs are recognized as low-cost and disposable sensing platforms. newline newlineConsidering the aforementioned properties, herein paper has been explored as a substrate for the fabrication of PPE. Using simple photolithography technique, hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions could be achieved for making a 3 in 1 electrode pattern consisting of working, counter and reference electrodes. The designed and fabricated PPE was further characterized by surface morphological and electrochemical studies. As a proof-of-concept, PPE was used as an electrochemical sensor for trolox (analogue of Vitamin E, an antioxidant), and a probe for selective detection of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid. On the other hand, the electrochemical investigations further revealed the interplay between edge plane sites, oxygen functionalities. And the carbon structures and#960;-and#960; interactions with pyrene conjugates towards biomolecules detection. The calibration plot for the trolox sensor showed linear range from 5-400 and#956;M with a det