Fabrication of Organic Inorganic Hybrid Metal Halide Perovskites Based Solid State Solar Cells

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on organic-inorganic newlinehybrid metal halide perovskites have provoked the keen interest to the newlineresearch community owing to the rapid increase in power conversion newlineefficiency (PCE) of those devices. They could be constructed in newlinedifferent architectures such as n-i-p planar, n-i-p mesoporous, p-i-n newlineplanar and p-i-n mesoporous heterojunctions. The key components newlinepresent in the PSCs are transparent conducting oxides, electron newlinetransporting layer (ETL), absorber layer, hole transporting layer (HTL) newlineand finally a metal contact. By tuning the ETL and HTL with matching newlineenergy levels, and by introducing stable perovskite absorber layer, it is newlineexpected to enhance the PCE of the fabricated device. Hence, we newlinedirected our research towards the fabrication of PSCs in n-i-p planar and newlinemesoporous architectures by utilizing sputtered metal oxides as ETL and newlineHTL, and mechanochemically synthesized and vacuum-deposited stable newlineperovskites as absorber layer. newlineSnO2, an n-type semiconductor, is an excellent candidate in newlinephotovoltaics owing to its diverse advantages such as wide band gap, newlinelow work function, high optical transparency, and high mobility. newlineTherefore, SnO2 thin films were deposited using reactive RF magnetron newlinesputtering technique at different substrate temperatures such as RT (S1), newline200°C (S2) and 400°C (S3) in order to obtain highly crystalline as well newlineas highly transparent SnO2 thin films. The effect of substrate newlinetemperature on the structural and optoelectronic properties of SnO2 thin newlinefilms was also studied. The observed XRD patterns confirm the newlinex newlineformation of SnO2 in tetragonal phase with primitive lattice structure. newlineThe obtained optoelectronic properties render the material for its use as newlineeffective ETL in PSCs. Therefore, PSCs were fabricated using RF newlinesputtered SnO2 as ETL. newlineAs an alternate ETL, nanostructured TiO2 was also obtained newlinevia sputtering followed by electrochemical anodization method. newlineTitanium (Ti) thin films were deposited on FTO substrates by DC newlinemagnetron sputtering and subsequently f