Biodiesel production from waste fish oil using heterogeneous composite catalyst and nano immobilized whole cell biocatalyst

Abstract

At present, the energy sector is receiving more attention in terms newlineof sustainable renewable energy sources. Importantly, the need to produce newlinebiofuels is expanding massively. Among the various biofuels, biodiesel newlinereceives greater attention as it is eco-friendly and can be produced newlinewithout harsh conditions. However, the obstacles related to the newlineimplementation of commercial biodiesel production are being analyzed by newlinemany researchers. The need for feedstock selection and suitable eco-friendly newlinecatalysts towards biodiesel production is unavoidable. newlineInitially, this study begins with the collection of fish waste from a local newlinefish market, which is situated in Chennai, India, and the oil was extracted newlineusing a thermomechanical method. Further, the acquired fish oil content was newlinehydrolyzed using water under 50 atm pressure at 250 °C to increase the free newlinefatty acid contents. The hydrolyzed fish waste oil contained about 37.65 + newline2.58% of saturated fatty acids, about 39.67 + 3.62%, and 22.68 + 1.88% of newlinemono and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. newlineSynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles was performed using a solution newlineconsisting of 1 M of zinc acetate and 0.2 M of NaOH. The formed precipitate newlinewas centrifuged for 2 min at 4800 rpm, and the ZnO nanoparticles obtained newlinewere modified with a mixture of 60 mL of toluene and 2 mL of newline(3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane. Then the mixture was centrifuged at 7000 newlinerpm for 15 min to recover modified ZnO nanoparticles. Further, the acquired newlineZnO nanoparticles were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope newline(SEM) analysis. Based on SEM analysis, the produced ZnO nanoparticles newlineand surface morphology were found to be clusters of particles with an average newlinesize of 152 + 6 nm and ranging between 85 300 nm. newline