Lixisenatide Induced Congenital Morphological Malformation and Histopathological Changes in Liver Kidney Stomach and Cerebral Cortex on Developing Chick Embryo

Abstract

In this study, gross anatomical malformation was seen after the administration of lixisenatide comparative to control group. Frequent anatomical malformation was growth retardation followed by limb deformity and twisted neck, and it was statistically significant (plt0.05). newlineIn the current research, Hepatic histopathology are as follows: The Experimental B and C groups showed mild degenerated hepatocytes. Experimental group D showed degenerated hepatocytes without nuclei. Experimental groups D and E showed degenerated hepatocytes with hemorrhage. Also shown was dilatation in sinusoids with bleeding and vacuolization, as well as congestion of the central vein with infiltration of inflammatory cells. newlineIn the present study, histopathological changes in the kidney are as follows: Experimental groups D and E show distorted glomerulus with thick membrane. In higher doses, mild to moderate tubular fatty degenerative changes were found in all experimental groups except A and B. Also, Minute vacuolation with or without fat globules in the cytoplasm of the lining epithelium of PCT and DCT found in experimental groups C, D, and E. In the current research, histopathological changes of the stomach are as follows: Experimental groups C showed changes in degeneration in mucosa while Experimental group D showed degeneration in the gastric gland. Shortening and thinning of Tubular glands, and thinning of mucosa were found in experimental groups D and E. Also Some gastric glands in experimental groups D and E showed invagination of mucosa and Hypertrophic changes in gastric glands. Also the multiple stenosed gastric glands were evident in experimental group E. newlineIn the current research, histopathological changes in the Brain are as follows: Experimental group D showed degeneration of neurons, causing vacuolation. Moreover, Cellular degeneration and necrotic vacuolation were found in experimental groups C and D. Also, Cellular condensation and necrotic changes were found in experimental groups C, D, and E. There was Mild distortion in the cerebral cortex was found indicating degenerative changes of cortex seen in experimental group E. newline newline