Evaluation of Mulberry Plant Extract for its AntiCariogenic Efficacy

Abstract

Oral diseases are a major public health problem and dental caries is the most common oral newlinedisease affecting humans and are known to be linked with the systemic diseases like diabetes newlineand cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the mulberry plant newlineextract for its anti-cariogenic efficacy for the development of a novel mouth rinse. Soxhlet newlineextraction method was used to obtain the methanolic extract of mulberry plant. Zone of newlineinhibition and MIC methods were used to determine the antibacterial activity of the plant newlineextract. To isolate 1-DNJ,( 1-deoxynojirimycin) and Quercetin, HPLC method was used. newlineAnti-adherence assay was used to determine the anti-adherence property of the isolated newlinecompound. The two-dimensional structure of ligands was drawn using ChemDraw Ultra 8 newlinetool. AutoDock 4.2 suite was used to compute docking analysis. The dynamic behaviour of newlinetest compounds was evaluated using molecular dynamics simulation (MDS). MTT assay was newlineused to assess the cytotoxic property of the 1-DNJ and Quercetin on Human Dermal newlineFibroblasts (HDF), Human Keratinocyte cells (HaCaT), and the epidermoid carcinoma cell newlineline (A431). A mouthwash was formulated using the isolated compounds and further, flow newlinecytometry analysis was used to assess the antiinflammatory activity of the formulated mouth newlinewashes with 1-DNJ and quercetin. SEM and EDX analysis was done to assess the newlineremineralizing potential of the formulated mouthwash. The leaf extracts had higher newlineconcentration of 1-DNJ than the root extracts (0.29 mg/g). It could be inferred that leaf newlineextract of the S36 variety was better as the percentage anti-adherence was comparable to the newlinestandard DNJ (89.07% vs. 90.43%). Docking analysis and molecular simulation dynamics newlinestudies revealed 1-DNJ to be more stable than quercetin and ciprofloxacin. The isolated 1- newlineDNJ compound inhibited SortaseA enzyme which is responsible for the adherence of newlineS.mutans to the tooth surface.