Synthesis of low dimensional perovskites and composites for display devices and memristor applications

Abstract

Materials with the chemical formula AMX3 are called perovskites newlineafter the discovery of CaTiO3 in 1839. Halide perovskites containing newlinehalogen anions instead of oxygen anions were reported in 1893. However, newlinethe interest in materials studies and applications started only after using newlinemethylammonium lead iodide in solar cells in 2009. Perovskites are also newlinegood light emitters with high color purity and low non-radiative newlinerecombination. Perovskites possess high light absorption coefficients newlineranging from 104 newlineto 105 newlinecm-1 newline. Bandgap tuning across IR to UV is obtainable newlinefrom perovskites by mixing different anions and cations. Perovskites are newlineambipolar due to their balanced electron and hole-effective masses. The newlinediffusion length of polycrystalline and single-crystalline methylammonium newlinelead iodides is very high. Due to their excellent material properties, their newlineapplications include solar cells, LED, lasers, ferroelectric, thermoelectric, newlineand piezoelectric devices, artificial synapse, and resistive memory. Even newlinethough the properties of perovskites are promising, for any device newlineapplications, they face serious challenges during commercialization. newlinePerovskites lack stability in the presence of moisture, UV, ambient newlineatmospheric conditions, temperature, and pressure. Lead present in newlineperovskites is a toxic metal that causes significant health disorders in human newlinehealth.Photoluminescence and material newlinestability of perovskites improves in low-dimensional structures such as 0- newlinedimensional quantum dots and nanocrystals, 1-dimensional nanorods and newlinenanowires, and 2-dimensional nanosheets and nanoplatelets. Quasi 2D newlineperovskites are a mixture of 3D and 2D perovskites formed by intercalating newlinelarge organic cations between 3D structures. Their general chemical newlineformula is R2An-1MnX3n+1, where R is a long chain organic cation, A is a newlinesmall organic cation M is a metal cation, and X is a halide anion.