Development of fumaric and maleic acid incorporated agar based silver nano formulations and their effect on diabetic and nondiabetic wounds

Abstract

Based upon the wound condition, wounds are divided into open, closed newlinewounds and ulcers. An open wound is an external or internal injury exposing newlinebody tissue to the external environment. They result from falls, blunt trauma newlineand surgery. Most of the open wounds are minor and can be treated at home. newlineIn a closed wound, skin is intact without exposing underlying tissues. newlineContusions, hematomas and crush injuries are few examples of closed newlinewounds.. They can damage muscles, tendons and ligaments. Ulcers are newlinedisruption of skin or mucous membranes due to sloughing out of necrosed newlinetissue. They occur due to impairment of the immune system and nervous newlinesystem. Reduced perfusion, hypoxia, and inadequate nutrients to cells also newlinecause ulcers. The common skin ulcers are Pressure ulcers, Diabetic foot newlineulcer, a venous ulcer, Ulcerative dermatitis, and Genital ulcer. Based on the duration of healing, wounds are categorised into acute newlineand chronic wounds. An acute wound is an injury to the skin that occurs newlinesuddenly and progresses through the normal process of healing within four newlineweeks. They vary from superficial scratches to deep wounds damaging blood newlinevessels, nerves, and muscles. Whereas chronic wounds do not progress newlinenormally through the stages of healing. They remain in the inflammatory newlinephase for a long time. Pressure around the injury, trauma, infection, improper newlinehygiene, insufficient blood supply, oxygen, and nutrients progress acute newlinewounds to chronic.The proposed probable mechanism with regard to fumaric and maleic newlineaicd in both diabetic and non diabetic wound models may be due to the newlinestimulation of antioxidant Nrf2 gene factor which suggests the future direction newlineof work in preclinical and clinical setups. newline