Development of Raman sensing platform for rapid identification of colistinresistant Escherichia coli Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using heavy water labelling

Abstract

SMART smart grid integrates conventional power system networks with smart devices and modern information and communication infrastructure. The intricate interplay among physical system processes, communication infrastructure, and control systems has led to the emergence of the concept of cyber-physical power systems. While the extensive interconnec- tion of the smart grid yields numerous advantages, its security has become a formidable chal- lenge due to vulnerabilities in communication networks. The communication network of the smart grid remains exposed to vulnerability through cyber-attacks, which threaten the operation of power systems. Potential consequences include cascading failures, blackouts, energy theft, energy market failures, compromised smart meters, and suboptimal power flow. The Arizona- southern California blackout (2011) along with the Ukraine power grid attack (2015) and the Iran nuclear facility attack (2010) demonstrate how vulnerable smart grids really are to cyber- attacks. Attackers equipped with knowledge of system configurations can execute stealthy at- tacks that evade conventional bad data detection algorithms. While state estimation methods are widely employed for attack detection, stealthy and coordinated attacks can elude these meth- ods. To address these challenges, advanced and robust security measures are required to protect newlineagainst potential disruptions and ensure the reliability of smart grid operations. newlineIn large interconnected power systems, the relative movement of a generator s rotor angle in- duces electromechanical low-frequency oscillations (LFOs). Numerous factors, such as changes in transmission line parameters, faults at the generator terminal, or load fluctuations, can trigger these oscillations. These LFOs have been responsible for several blackouts and unscheduled generator tripping events in the past, including the Western Interconnection (WSCC) black- out in 1996, the Denmark-Sweden, USA-Canada, and Italy blackouts in 2003, and the Chile blackout in 2011. U