Urbanisation Capabilities And Horizontal Inequalities

Abstract

The state of human development for countries like India, has continued to remain grim newline wherein India s index has remained the same at 0.63, ranking at 130 out of 191 newline countries in 2021. The lack of access and opportunities for the individuals and groups newline is alarming and needs attention. The tendency to view inequalities as unidimensional newline or vertical inequalities across individuals and households is relevant, yet fails to newline recognise the presence of inequities across social identities arising that tends to newline undermine an individual s right to life with dignity. The aspect of groups determining newline well-being becomes relevant, and thus horizontal inequalities (HI) become a matter of newline concern, wherein HI refers to inequalities across groups that are defined by caste, class, newline ethnicity, religion and/or gender and so on. newline The goal is to explore and understand the access capabilities and horizontal inequalities newline in urban areas with the focus on understanding multiple intersectionality, as an newline intergenerational and intragenerational inequality. The study seeks to provide critical newline analysis of human development analysis of individuals, with special focus on women, newline individuals who belong to SC, ST, OBC and understand horizontal inequalities beyond newline the economic purview. The research takes Delhi, National Capital Territory as the area newline of study and data from National Family Health Survey Round 4 (2015-16). newline There are three empirical chapters that present evidence on the nature of extent of newline inequalities, wherein the intergenerational mobility has increased, and the current newline generation have been able to surpass the capabilities of the parent generation, and an newline overall improvement of basic capabilities is visible in a complex city of Delhi. The key newline findings from the research indicate that there is prevalence of gaps across individuals newline and households belonging to different social identities which pans across basic newline capabilities as well as advanced capabilities preventing access for them. The evidence newline suggests presence of horizontal inequalities across social groups with a differing level newline of risk associated with each social identity as well as a different probability of the newline individual/household experiencing lack of basic capabilities. newline xvThe policy recommendations in the study calls for the need to from human development newline as measured narrowly by the human development index (HDI) to human progress. In newline order to ensure human progress, it is important to look at the overlaps and intersections newline that feed into each other and reduce access, opportunity and capabilities of the newline individuals. Therefore, the policy framework must address intersectional identities and newline create policies targeting the same rather than treating each layer of horizontal inequality newline as a separate aspect. newline Keywords: newline Human newline Development newline and newline Urbanisation, Delhi newline xvi newline Capabilities, newline Horizontal newline Inequality, newline