Characterization yield components and heterosis in bitter gourd momordica charantia l

Abstract

The present study focuses on the characterization, yield components, and heterosis in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.), offering valuable insights into genetic variability, combining ability, gene action, and the potential for hybrid vigor in this crop. Analysis of variance across 17 traits revealed substantial genetic diversity, particularly in yield-related traits such as fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, and vine length, indicating strong potential for selection in breeding programs. Evaluation of parental lines and F1 hybrids demonstrated that several hybrids outperformed their parents in traits like primary branches, flowering time, fruit characteristics, and overall yield. Hybrids such as IC505629 × Pusa Vishesh and IC65972 × Pusa Rasdar exhibited strong heterosis effects, reinforcing the role of hybrid vigor in improving bitter gourd production. Genetic parameter analysis revealed high phenotypic and genotypic variability, with significant environmental influence on certain traits. However, traits like fruit yield showed strong genetic control, making them suitable targets for selection. High heritability, combined with significant genetic advance, was observed for key traits, including fruit yield and the number of male flowers, indicating their potential for genetic improvement. Combining ability analysis highlighted significant line × tester interactions, emphasizing the need for careful cross combination evaluation in breeding. Additionally, the predominance of non-additive gene action for several traits supports the use of hybrid breeding strategies. The study further identified positive correlations between yield and traits like primary branches, fruit weight, and fruit diameter, offering valuable markers for selection. These findings underscore the importance of hybrid vigor, combining ability, and trait selection in enhancing bitter gourd yield and quality, providing a solid foundation for future breeding efforts newline