Multi input fuel cell based bi directional converter with mppt techniques for hybrid electric vehicle systems

Abstract

Electric vehicle usage has seen a rise in the past decade due to increased awareness and advancements in technology. The effectiveness of Electric Vehicles is greatly dependent on their power conversion systems, particularly the DC-DC converters. These converters are essential for effectively handling electric power between various voltage levels in an EV, enhancing performance and increasing the range of EVs. Battery-operated electric vehicles were initially favored for their straightforward design, but alternative sources were also explored for EVs. Fuel cells are a preferred choice for electric vehicles because of their minimal emissions, low pressure, and temperature requirements. Several control algorithms were proposed for the PEM fuel cell utilized as the primary option. Aside from the usual converters like Buck, Boost, and Buck-boost converters, an overview included a detailed look at SEPIC and Zeta converter topologies, including their modes of operations and waveforms. newline